Problem Nutrients and Food-Based Recommendations for Pregnant Women and Under-Five Children in High-Stunting Districts in Indonesia

ABSTRACT
Background: Stunting and anemia in pregnant women and under-five children remain a challenge in developing countries, including Indonesia. One of the significant contributors to these problems is inadequate nutrient intake.
Objectives: The aim of the study was to identify, using a linear programming (LP) approach, problem nutrients and optimized food-based recommendations for under-five children and pregnant women in 10 stunting-prioritized districts in Indonesia.
Methods: LP analysis was done using the Optifood tool on dietary data collected using single 24-h dietary recall in the National Monitoring of Nutrient Consumption (Pemantauan Konsumsi Gizi), conducted by the Ministry of Health from 10 stunting-prioritized districts in Indonesia. problem nutrients and nutrient-dense foods were identified, and all alternative food-based recommendations or complementary feeding recommendations were compared to identify which recommendation will best contribute to fulfill dietary adequacy.
Results: The number of problem nutrients in each district ranged from 0 to 7 nutrients for under-five children and 1 to 6 nutrients for pregnant women. The top 3 problem nutrients were: iron, zinc, and folate (for children aged 6–11 mo); zinc, folate, and calcium (for 12–23-mo-olds and 24–35-mo-olds); folate, zinc, and vitamin C/riboflavin (for 36–59-mo-olds); and iron, folate, and calcium (for pregnant women). The findings showed that problem nutrients identified using LP were in line with nutritional problems in under-five children (stunting and anemia) and pregnant women
(anemia). Food-based recommendations (FBRs)/complementary feeding recommendations were developed that best meet dietary adequacy for the nutrients.
Conclusions: Despite the similarity in stunting prevalence across the districts, there was variation in number and types
FBRs that promoted nutrient-dense foods suited to the problem nutrients in each area need to be promoted to improve nutrient intakes of under-five children and pregnant women in these areas with high stunting prevalence.