Breakfast Consumption and Quality of Macro- and Micronutrient Intake in Indonesia: A Study from the Indonesian Food Barometer

Abstract:
Breakfast is an important meal that has been shown to have a positive effect on health. The current study aimed to assess the patterns of breakfast consumption among adult Indonesians and to
estimate the contribution of breakfast to their nutrient intake and dietary quality. The study used 24-h recall data from the 2018 Indonesian Food Barometer study to assess breakfast intake among
1333 adults aged 18 and above from six provinces in Indonesia. Diet quality was measured using the Nutrient Rich Food index (NRF) 9.3, and the nutritional profile of breakfast was compared across
tertiles of NRF 9.3. In total, 5.2% of adults in Indonesia skipped breakfast. Breakfast contributed 26% to daily energy intakes and 22–28% to intakes of all reported nutrients, except for total sugar (12%), vitamin C (8%) and vitamin D (7%). With respect to daily requirements, breakfast contributed approximately 20% to energy, protein, fat and sodium requirements, 26% to saturated fat but