The effect of breakfast with different macronutrient composition on PYY, ghrelin, and ad libitum intake 4 h after breakfast in Indonesian obese women

Abstract :
Objectives: Gut hormones, such as PYY and ghrelin, are associated with appetite control and obesity. Protein is
thought to be the most satiating nutrient and could affect the production of several gut hormones. The purpose of
the current study was to find the effect of breakfast with different protein composition on PYY, ghrelin, and ad libitum
intake 4 h after breakfast.
Results: This clinical trial involves 22 obese women participants. Subjects were given three types of breakfast:
low protein consumption (12.4% protein), medium protein (23.5% protein), and high protein (40.6% protein). PYY
and ghrelin levels were measured at 0, 15, 60, 120, and 180 min after breakfast. Ad libitum meal was given 4 h after
breakfast and measured after. This study found that there is no significant difference in PYY and ghrelin level at each
measurement time between different type of breakfast. This study also found no significant difference of ad libitum
energy intake between different type of breakfast.
Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03697486, 3 December 2018. Retrospectively registered